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<div id="mp-itn" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em;">[[File:Microsoft_Exchange_(2019-present).svg|left|150px]] |
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On 2 March 2021, Microsoft issued a [https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/03/02/hafnium-targeting-exchange-servers/ statement] about multiple zero-day exploits in its Exchange Server email software and urged customers to update their systems using a patch released at the same time. Nevertheless, malicious cyber activities escalated, resulting in more than [https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/10/tech/microsoft-exchange-hafnium-hack-explainer/index.html 250,000 affected customers globally] (including governments as well as the private sector) and involving at least [https://www.welivesecurity.com/2021/03/10/exchange-servers-under-siege-10-apt-groups/?utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=WLS_apt_groups&utm_term=WLS_apt_groups&utm_content=blog 10 APT groups]. The original campaign was [https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/03/02/hafnium-targeting-exchange-servers/ attributed] by Microsoft to ‘Hafnium’, described as a State-sponsored group operating out of China. The hackers used the exploits to gain access to victim organisations’ email systems and to install malware allowing them to maintain long-term access to files, inboxes, and stored credentials. [[Scenario 02: Cyber espionage against government departments|Scenario 02]] of the Toolkit analyses cyber espionage against government departments; economic cyber espionage is discussed in [[Scenario 09: Economic cyber espionage|Scenario 09]]. |
On 2 March 2021, Microsoft issued a [https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/03/02/hafnium-targeting-exchange-servers/ statement] about multiple zero-day exploits in its Exchange Server email software and urged customers to update their systems using a patch released at the same time. Nevertheless, malicious cyber activities escalated, resulting in more than [https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/10/tech/microsoft-exchange-hafnium-hack-explainer/index.html 250,000 affected customers globally] (including governments as well as the private sector) and involving at least [https://www.welivesecurity.com/2021/03/10/exchange-servers-under-siege-10-apt-groups/?utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=WLS_apt_groups&utm_term=WLS_apt_groups&utm_content=blog 10 APT groups]. The original campaign was [https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/03/02/hafnium-targeting-exchange-servers/ attributed] by Microsoft to ‘Hafnium’, described as a State-sponsored group operating out of China. The hackers used the exploits to gain access to victim organisations’ email systems and to install malware allowing them to maintain long-term access to files, inboxes, and stored credentials. [[Scenario 02: Cyber espionage against government departments|Scenario 02]] of the Toolkit analyses cyber espionage against government departments; economic cyber espionage is discussed in [[Scenario 09: Economic cyber espionage|Scenario 09]]. |
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On 13 December 2020, FireEye [https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/12/evasive-attacker-leverages-solarwinds-supply-chain-compromises-with-sunburst-backdoor.html announced] the discovery of an ongoing supply chain attack that trojanized SolarWinds Orion business software updates in order to distribute malware. The [https://www.businessinsider.com/solarwinds-hack-explained-government-agencies-cyber-security-2020-12?r=US&IR=T victims] included many U.S. governmental organisations (such as the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Energy, or the Treasury) and businesses (including Microsoft, Cisco, or Deloitte ). Once the systems were infected, hackers could transfer files, execute files, profile the system, reboot the machines, or disable system services. The U.S. government has [https://www.cisa.gov/news/2021/01/05/joint-statement-federal-bureau-investigation-fbi-cybersecurity-and-infrastructure attributed] the attack to an ‘Advanced Persistent Threat Actor, likely Russian in origin’. Even though the campaign’s full scope remains unknown, recovering from the hack and conducting investigations may take up to [https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/03/02/1020166/solarwinds-brandon-wales-hack-recovery-18-months/ 18 months]. In the Toolkit, data theft and cyber espionage against government departments are analysed in [[Scenario 02: Cyber espionage against government departments|Scenario 02]]. Given that private sector organizations were among the victims, [[Scenario 09: Economic cyber espionage|Scenario 09]] on economic cyber espionage is also relevant. |
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Revision as of 18:58, 6 April 2021
__NONUMBEREDHEADINGS__
About the projectThe Cyber Law Toolkit is a dynamic interactive web-based resource for legal professionals who work with matters at the intersection of international law and cyber operations. The Toolkit may be explored and utilized in a number of different ways. At its heart, it consists of 19 hypothetical scenarios, to which more will be added in the future. Each scenario contains a description of cyber incidents inspired by real-world examples, accompanied by detailed legal analysis. The aim of the analysis is to examine the applicability of international law to the scenarios and the issues they raise. You can see all scenarios in the box immediately below – just click on any of them to follow the relevant analysis. In addition, you may want to explore the Toolkit by looking for keywords you’re interested in; by viewing its overall article structure; or by reading about individual real-world examples that serve as the basis of the Toolkit scenarios. Finally, you may want to use the search function in the top right corner of this page to look for specific words across all of the Toolkit content.
Cyber law scenarios |
Featured incident.svg) On 2 March 2021, Microsoft issued a statement about multiple zero-day exploits in its Exchange Server email software and urged customers to update their systems using a patch released at the same time. Nevertheless, malicious cyber activities escalated, resulting in more than 250,000 affected customers globally (including governments as well as the private sector) and involving at least 10 APT groups. The original campaign was attributed by Microsoft to ‘Hafnium’, described as a State-sponsored group operating out of China. The hackers used the exploits to gain access to victim organisations’ email systems and to install malware allowing them to maintain long-term access to files, inboxes, and stored credentials. Scenario 02 of the Toolkit analyses cyber espionage against government departments; economic cyber espionage is discussed in Scenario 09. Behind the scenesThe project is supported by the following six partner institutions: the Czech National Cyber and Information Security Agency (NÚKIB), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE), the University of Exeter, United Kingdom, the U.S. Naval War College, United States, and Wuhan University, China. The core of the project team consists of Dr Kubo Mačák (ICRC) – General Editor; Mr Tomáš Minárik (NÚKIB) – Managing Editor; and Ms Taťána Jančárková (CCDCOE) – Scenario Editor. The pilot year of the project (2018/19) was supported through the UK ESRC IAA Project Co-Creation scheme. The individual scenarios and the Toolkit as such have been reviewed by a team of over 30 peer reviewers. The Toolkit was formally launched on 28 May 2019 in Tallinn, Estonia; its Chinese launch took place on 2 November 2019 in Wuhan, China; it received its first general annual update on 2 October 2020; and it remains continuously updated. For questions about the project including media enquiries, please contact us at cyberlaw@exeter.ac.uk.
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Other resources
- FAQ – Frequently asked questions about the project and the Toolkit.
- All articles – Updated list of all substantive articles in the Toolkit. In a printed book, this would be the table of contents.
- Keywords – Overview of all keywords used across the Toolkit content. Serves the same purpose as an index would in a printed book.
- Examples – List of real-world incidents that have inspired the analysis in the Toolkit.
- Glossary – Glossary of the technical terms used in the Toolkit.
- Short form citation – Abbreviated references for the most commonly used citations in the Toolkit.
- Bibliography – Bibliography of resources used in the creation and development of the Toolkit.
- People – List of all people involved in the project (including scenario authors, peer reviewers, research assistants...).