Breach of an international obligation

Definition
A breach of an international obligation, the term chosen by the drafters of the Articles on State Responsibility, is the second necessary condition for a State’s responsibility for an internationally wrongful act. International obligations arise from primary rules of international law: treaties and substantive customary law.

Fault, such as intention or negligence, is not a necessary element of a breach of an international obligation, unless there exists such a requirement in the primary law that is breached.

A cyber-related action or omission by a State can constitute a breach of its international obligation.

Bibliography and further reading

 * MN Schmitt (ed), Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations (CUP 2017)
 * Etc.