List of articles

This page serves as the equivalent of a table of contents in a printed book. It contains an updated list of all substantive articles in the Toolkit.

1 About the project

• Main page
• FAQ
• Note on the structure of articles
• Glossary
• Short form citation
• Bibliography
• People

2 Scenarios

• Scenario 01: Election interference
• Scenario 02: Political espionage
• Scenario 03: Power grid
• Scenario 04: International organizations
• Scenario 05: Criminal investigation
• Scenario 06: Enabling State
• Scenario 07: Hacking tools
• Scenario 08: Certificate authority
• Scenario 09: Economic espionage
• Scenario 10: Cyber weapons
• Scenario 11: Surveillance tools
• Scenario 12: Computer data
• Scenario 13: Armed conflict
• Scenario 14: Ransomware campaign
• Scenario 15: Cyber deception
• Scenario 16: High seas
• Scenario 17: Collective responses
• Scenario 18: Cyber operators
• Scenario 19: Hate speech

3 Legal concepts

3.1 General international law

• Jurisdiction
• State responsibility
  • Attribution
    • State organs
    • Non-State actors
    • Evidence
  • Breach of an international obligation
  • Responses and justifications
    • Circumstances precluding wrongfulness
      • Consent
      • Self-defence (state responsibility)
      • Countermeasures
      • Force majeure
      • Distress
      • Plea of necessity
    • Retorsion
      • Targeted restrictive measures
• Due diligence
• Sovereignty
• Prohibition of intervention
• Prohibition of genocide
• Cyber operations not per se regulated by international law
  • Peacetime cyber espionage

3.2 Specialised regimes of peacetime international law

• Diplomatic and consular law
• Law of the sea
  • Flag State jurisdiction
  • Freedom of navigation
  • Sovereign immunity
  • Maritime law enforcement
• Air law
• Space law
• International telecommunications law
• International human rights law
• International criminal law
  • Crime of genocide
  • Crimes against humanity
  • War crimes

3.3 Use of force, conflict and international law

• International law on the use of force (jus ad bellum)
  • Armed attack
  • Self-defence
• International humanitarian law (jus in bello)
  • Conflict qualification
    • International armed conflict
    • Non-international armed conflict
  • Conduct of hostilities
    • Military objectives
    • Combatancy
      • Direct participation in hostilities
    • Attacks against persons
    • Means and methods of warfare
      • Perfidy and ruses of war
      • Misuse of established indicators
      • Legal review of cyber weapons
  • Certain persons, objects and activities
  • Occupation
  • Neutrality

4 Real-world examples

• 2020
  • African Union headquarters hack (2020)
  • Brno University Hospital ransomware attack (2020)
  • SolarWinds (2020)
• 2019
  • Cyber interference against vessels in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman (2019)
  • Israeli attack against Hamas cyber headquarters in Gaza (2019)
  • Texas Municipality ransomware attack (2019)
• 2018
  • African Union headquarters hack (2018)
  • SamSam ransomware incidents (2018)
• 2017
  • Ethiopian surveillance of journalists abroad (2017)
  • French presidential election leak (2017)
  • Hate speech in India (since 2017)
  • Operation Cloudhopper (2017)
  • NotPetya (2017)
  • Triton (2017)
  • WannaCry (2017)
  • Wu Yingzhuo, Dong Hao and Xia Lei indictment (2017)
• 2016
  • DNC email leak (2016)
  • Industroyer – Crash Override (2016)
  • Operation Glowing Symphony (2016)
  • The Shadow Brokers publishing the NSA vulnerabilities (2016)
• 2015
  • Bundestag Hack (2015)
  • Office of Personnel Management data breach (2015)
  • Power grid cyberattack in Ukraine (2015)
  • The Hacking Team Hack (2015)
• 2014
  • Chinese PLA Unit 61398 indictments (2014)
  • Sony Pictures Entertainment attack (2014)
  • Steel mill in Germany (2014)
  • Ukrainian parliamentary election interference (2014)
• 2013 and before
  • Shamoon (2012)
  • Syria’s ‘social media war’ (since 2011)
  • DigiNotar (2011)
  • Hate speech in Myanmar (since early 2010s)
  • Stuxnet (2010)
  • Georgia-Russia conflict (2008)
  • Cyber attacks against Estonia (2007)

5 Keywords

2013 and before  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  Advanced persistent threat  Article 36  Attacks against persons  Attribution  Combatancy  Computer data  Countermeasures  Crime of genocide  Crimes against humanity  Critical infrastructure  Cyber weapons  Cybercrime  DDoS  Defacement  Diplomatic and consular law  Direct participation in hostilities  Distinction  Due diligence  Economic cyber espionage  Effective control  Election interference  Evidence  Example  Flag State jurisdiction  Freedom of navigation  Hybrid threats  Indiscriminate attack  Individual criminal responsibility under international law  Industrial control system  International armed conflict  International cooperation  International human rights law  International humanitarian law  International organization  International sanctions  Internationalization  Inviolability  Law of the sea  Legal concepts  Legal personality  Legal review of cyber weapons  Malware  Maritime law enforcement  Mass surveillance  Methods and means of warfare  Military objectives  Misuse of established indicators  Non-State actors  Non-international armed conflict  Object  Overall control  Peacetime cyber espionage  Perfidy and ruses of war  Persona non grata  Plea of necessity  Premises of the mission  Prohibition of genocide  Prohibition of intervention  Ransomware  Retorsion  Scenario  Self-defence  Sovereign immunity  Sovereignty  State organs  Stuxnet  Supply chain  Targeted restrictive measures  Targeting  Threats  Use of force  War crimes  Weapons review