List of articles

This page serves as the equivalent of a table of contents in a printed book. It contains an updated list of all substantive articles in the Toolkit.

1 About the project

• Main page
• FAQ
• Note on the structure of articles
• Glossary
• Short form citation
• Bibliography
• People

2 Scenarios

• Scenario 01: Election interference
• Scenario 02: Political espionage
• Scenario 03: Power grid
• Scenario 04: International organizations
• Scenario 05: Criminal investigation
• Scenario 06: Enabling State
• Scenario 07: Hacking tools
• Scenario 08: Certificate authority
• Scenario 09: Economic espionage
• Scenario 10: Cyber weapons
• Scenario 11: Surveillance tools
• Scenario 12: Computer data
• Scenario 13: Armed conflict
• Scenario 14: Ransomware campaign

3 Legal concepts

3.1 General international law

• Jurisdiction
• State responsibility
  • Attribution
    • State organs
    • Non-State actors
    • Evidence
  • Breach of an international obligation
  • Responses and justifications
    • Circumstances precluding wrongfulness
      • Consent
      • Self-defence (state responsibility)
      • Countermeasures
      • Force majeure
      • Distress
      • Plea of necessity
    • Retorsion
• Due diligence
• Sovereignty
• Prohibition of intervention
• Cyber operations not per se regulated by international law
  • Peacetime cyber espionage

3.2 Specialised regimes of peacetime international law

• International human rights law
• Diplomatic and consular law
• Law of the sea
• Air law
• Space law
• International telecommunications law

3.3 Use of force, conflict and international law

• International law on the use of force (jus ad bellum)
  • Armed attack
  • Self-defence
• International humanitarian law (jus in bello)
  • Conflict qualification
    • International armed conflict
    • Non-international armed conflict
  • Conduct of hostilities
    • Military objectives
    • Means and methods of warfare
      • Legal review of cyber weapons
  • Certain persons, objects and activities
  • Occupation
  • Neutrality
  • Criminal responsibility

4 Real-world examples

• 2019
  • Texas Municipality ransomware attack (2019)
• 2018
  • African Union headquarters hack (2018)
  • SamSam ransomware incidents (2018)
• 2017
  • French presidential election leak (2017)
  • WannaCry (2017)
  • NotPetya (2017)
  • Operation Cloudhopper (2017)
  • Ethiopian surveillance of journalists abroad (2017)
  • Wu Yingzhuo, Dong Hao and Xia Lei indictment (2017)
• 2016
  • DNC email leak (2016)
  • The Shadow Brokers publishing the NSA vulnerabilities (2016)
• 2015
  • The Hacking Team Hack (2015)
  • Power grid cyberattack in Ukraine (2015)
  • Bundestag Hack (2015)
  • Office of Personnel Management data breach (2015)
• 2014
  • Ukrainian parliamentary election interference (2014)
  • Chinese PLA Unit 61398 indictments (2014)
  • Sony Pictures Entertainment attack (2014)
  • Steel mill in Germany (2014)
• 2013 and before
  • Shamoon (2012)
  • DigiNotar (2011)
  • Stuxnet (2010)
  • Georgia-Russia conflict (2008)
  • Cyber attacks against Estonia (2007)

5 Keywords

2013 and before  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  Advanced persistent threat  Article 36  Attribution  Computer data  Countermeasures  Critical infrastructure  Cyber weapons  Cybercrime  DDoS  Diplomatic and consular law  Distinction  Due diligence  Economic cyber espionage  Effective control  Election interference  Evidence  Example  Hybrid threats  Indiscriminate attack  International armed conflict  International cooperation  International human rights law  International humanitarian law  International organization  International sanctions  Internationalization  Inviolability  Legal concepts  Legal personality  Legal review of cyber weapons  Malware  Mass surveillance  Methods and means of warfare  Military objectives  Non-State actors  Non-international armed conflict  Object  Overall control  Peacetime cyber espionage  Persona non grata  Plea of necessity  Premises of the mission  Prohibition of intervention  Retorsion  Scenario  Self-defence  Sovereignty  State organs  Stuxnet  Targeting  Use of force  Weapons review