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Welcome to the Cyber Law Toolkit, an interactive online resource on international law and cyber operations.

About the project

The Cyber Law Toolkit is a dynamic interactive web-based resource for legal professionals who work with matters at the intersection of international law and cyber operations. You can explore the Toolkit in a number of different ways. At its heart, the Toolkit consists of 13 (and counting) hypothetical scenarios, each of which contains a description of cyber incidents inspired by real-world examples accompanied by detailed legal analysis. You can see all scenarios in the box immediately below – just click on any of them to follow the relevant analysis. In addition, you may want to explore the Toolkit by looking for keywords you’re interested in; by viewing its overall article structure; or by reading about individual real-world examples that had inspired the Toolkit scenarios. Finally, you may want to use the search function in the top right corner of this page to look for specific words across all of the Toolkit content.

Cyber law scenarios

Featured incident

In July 2018, Singapore’s health system (SingHealth) was infiltrated by malware and the personal particulars of about 1.5 million people were stolen. Among the victims of the hack were some prominent Singaporean politicians, including the prime minister. Only data containing personal information of the patients like name, date of birth, address, gender, etc was taken. However, the records were neither deleted nor edited. According to the statement of the Health Minister Gan Kim Yong, this attack was “unprecedented”. The professionalism with which the attack was conducted and the fact that records of politicians were affected made the Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA) and the government suspect that another State may have been involved. Yet, no specific allegations have been made in this regard. Although none of the existing scenarios analyses a cyber incident involving patient records, the cyber operations against SingHealth are related to scenarios 01 and 02, which consider whether exfiltration of data amounts to a violation of State sovereignty.

Behind the scenes

The project is supported through the UK ESRC IAA Project Co-Creation scheme. Partner institutions include the University of Exeter, United Kingdom; NATO Co-operative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCD COE) in Tallinn, Estonia; and the Czech National Cyber and Information Security Agency (NCISA) in Brno, Czechia. The project team is composed of Dr Kubo Mačák (Exeter); Mr Tomáš Minárik (CCD COE); and Ms Taťána Jančárková (NCISA). The individual scenarios and the Toolkit as such have been reviewed by a team of over 20 peer reviewers. The Toolkit was formally launched on [XX] May 2019 in Tallinn, Estonia, and it is continuously updated by a team led by Mr Minárik. For questions about the project including media enquiries, please contact us at [projectadress]@exeter.ac.uk.

Other resources

FAQ – Frequently asked questions about the project and the Toolkit.
All articles – Updated list of all substantive articles in the Toolkit. In a printed book, this would be the table of contents.
Keywords – Overview of all keywords used across the Toolkit content. Serves the same purpose as an index would in a printed book.
Examples – List of real-world incidents that have inspired the analysis in the Toolkit.
Glossary – Glossary of the technical terms used in the Toolkit.
Short form citation – Abbreviated references for the most commonly used citations in the Toolkit.
Bibliography – Bibliography of resources used in the creation and development of the Toolkit.
People – List of all people involved in the project (including scenario authors, peer reviewers, research assistants...).

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-In July 2018, Singapore’s health system (SingHealth) was infiltrated by malware and the personal particulars of about 1.5 million people were [https://graphics.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/Interactives/2018/07/sg-cyber-breach/index.html stolen]. Among the victims of the hack were some prominent Singaporean politicians, including the prime minister. Only data containing personal information of the patients like name, date of birth, address, gender, etc was taken. However, the records were neither deleted nor edited. According to the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=28&v=RsjUUgGpqA8 statement] of the Health Minister Gan Kim Yong, this attack was “unprecedented”. The professionalism with which the attack was conducted and the fact that records of politicians were affected made the Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA) and the government suspect that another State may have been [https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/top-secret-report-on-singhealth-attack-submitted-to-minister-in-charge-of-cyber-security involved]. Yet, no specific allegations have been made in this regard. Although none of the existing scenarios analyses a cyber incident involving patient records, the cyber operations against SingHealth is related to scenarios [[Scenario 01: Election interference|01]] and [[Scenario 02: Cyber espionage against government departments|02]], which consider whether exfiltration of data amounts to a violation of State sovereignty.</div>
+In July 2018, Singapore’s health system (SingHealth) was infiltrated by malware and the personal particulars of about 1.5 million people were [https://graphics.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/Interactives/2018/07/sg-cyber-breach/index.html stolen]. Among the victims of the hack were some prominent Singaporean politicians, including the prime minister. Only data containing personal information of the patients like name, date of birth, address, gender, etc was taken. However, the records were neither deleted nor edited. According to the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=28&v=RsjUUgGpqA8 statement] of the Health Minister Gan Kim Yong, this attack was “unprecedented”. The professionalism with which the attack was conducted and the fact that records of politicians were affected made the Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA) and the government suspect that another State may have been [https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/top-secret-report-on-singhealth-attack-submitted-to-minister-in-charge-of-cyber-security involved]. Yet, no specific allegations have been made in this regard. Although none of the existing scenarios analyses a cyber incident involving patient records, the cyber operations against SingHealth are related to scenarios [[Scenario 01: Election interference|01]] and [[Scenario 02: Cyber espionage against government departments|02]], which consider whether exfiltration of data amounts to a violation of State sovereignty.</div>
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