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Welcome to the Cyber Law Toolkit, an interactive online resource on international law and cyber operations.

About the project

The Cyber Law Toolkit is a dynamic interactive web-based resource for legal professionals who work with matters at the intersection of international law and cyber operations. You can explore the Toolkit in a number of different ways. At its heart, the Toolkit consists of 13 (and counting) hypothetical scenarios, each of which contains a description of cyber incidents inspired by real-world examples accompanied by detailed legal analysis. You can see all scenarios in the box immediately below – just click on any of them to follow the relevant analysis. In addition, you may want to explore the Toolkit by looking for keywords you’re interested in; by viewing its overall article structure; or by reading about individual real-world examples that had inspired the Toolkit scenarios. Finally, you may want to use the search function in the top right corner of this page to look for specific words across all of the Toolkit content.

Cyber law scenarios

S01 Election interference	S02 Political espionage	S03 Power grid	S04 International organization
S05 Criminal investigation	S06 Enabling State	S07 Hacking tools	S08 Certificate authority
S09 Economic espionage	S10 Cyber weapons	S11 Surveillance tools	S12 Computer data
S13 Armed conflict

Featured incident

On 4 October 2018, the UK National Cyber Security Centre issued a statement accusing the Russian military intelligence service (generally referred to under its previous abbreviation GRU for Glavnoye razvedyvatel'noye upravleniye) of a series of cyber attacks “conducted in flagrant violation of international law”. These attacks have ranged from hacking the Democratic National Committee in the US and publishing its documents online, to attempting to compromise the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office systems through a spearphishing attack, to using ransomware to cause disruption to Ukrainian public transport systems. Some of these attacks allegedly attributable to the GRU display factual pattern similar to several of the toolkit scenarios. In particular, Scenario 01 considers the law relevant to electoral interference using cyber means; Scenario 02 considers the extent to which cyber espionage targeted against another State’s foreign ministry violates international law; and Scenario 03 looks at the extent to which disruption of public utilities and other critical infrastructure violates international law.

Behind the scenes

The project is supported through the UK ESRC IAA Project Co-Creation scheme. Partner institutions include the University of Exeter, United Kingdom; NATO Co-operative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCD COE) in Tallinn, Estonia; and the Czech National Cyber and Information Security Agency (NCISA) in Brno, Czechia. The project team is composed of Dr Kubo Mačák (Exeter); Mr Tomáš Minárik (CCD COE); and Ms Taťána Jančárková (NCISA). The individual scenarios and the Toolkit as such have been reviewed by a team of over 20 peer reviewers. The Toolkit was formally launched on [XX] May 2019 in Tallinn, Estonia, and it is continuously updated by a team led by Mr Minárik. For questions about the project including media enquiries, please contact us at [projectadress]@exeter.ac.uk.

Other resources

• FAQ – Frequently asked questions about the project and the Toolkit.
• All articles – Updated list of all substantive articles in the Toolkit. In a printed book, this would be the table of contents.
• Keywords – Overview of all keywords used across the Toolkit content. Serves the same purpose as an index would in a printed book.
• Examples – List of real-world incidents that have inspired the analysis in the Toolkit.
• Glossary – Glossary of the technical terms used in the Toolkit.
• Short form citation – Abbreviated references for the most commonly used citations in the Toolkit.
• Bibliography – Bibliography of resources used in the creation and development of the Toolkit.
• People – List of all people involved in the project (including scenario authors, peer reviewers, research assistants...).