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Welcome to the Cyber Law Toolkit, an interactive online resource on international law and cyber operations.

About the project

The Cyber Law Toolkit is a dynamic interactive web-based resource for legal professionals who work with matters at the intersection of international law and cyber operations. The Toolkit may be explored and utilized in a number of different ways. At its heart, it consists of 14 hypothetical scenarios, to which more will be added in the future. Each scenario contains a description of cyber incidents inspired by real-world examples, accompanied by detailed legal analysis. The aim of the analysis is to examine the applicability of international law to the scenarios and the issues they raise. You can see all scenarios in the box immediately below – just click on any of them to follow the relevant analysis. In addition, you may want to explore the Toolkit by looking for keywords you’re interested in; by viewing its overall article structure; or by reading about individual real-world examples that serve as the basis of the Toolkit scenarios. Finally, you may want to use the search function in the top right corner of this page to look for specific words across all of the Toolkit content.

Cyber law scenarios

Featured incident

On 20 June 2019, the US Cyber Command launched multiple cyber attacks disabling computer systems that controlled Iran’s rocket launchers and wiping out a critical database of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. The attacks were reportedly a direct response to earlier attacks against oil tankers in the Persian Gulf and the downing of an American surveillance drone after it had allegedly entered Iran’s airspace. Iran has denied all responsibility for the tanker attacks. The cyber attacks were conducted the same day that President Trump called off a military strike against Iran and were reportedly intended to remain below the threshold of armed conflict. The Toolkit considers whether specific cyber operations amount to uses of force in scenario 03 and scenario 14. Moreover, scenario 13 examines when cyber operations may trigger the application of international humanitarian law.

Behind the scenes

The project is supported by the following five partner institutions: the Czech National Cyber and Information Security Agency (NCISA), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCD COE), the University of Exeter, United Kingdom, and Wuhan University, China. The core of the project team consists of Dr Kubo Mačák (ICRC) – General Editor; Mr Tomáš Minárik (NCISA) – Managing Editor; and Ms Taťána Jančárková (CCD COE) – Scenario Editor. The pilot year of the project (2018/19) was supported through the UK ESRC IAA Project Co-Creation scheme. The individual scenarios and the Toolkit as such have been reviewed by a team of over 20 peer reviewers. The Toolkit was formally launched on 28 May 2019 in Tallinn, Estonia; its Chinese launch took place on 2 November 2019 in Wuhan, China; and it remains continuously updated. For questions about the project including media enquiries, please contact us at cyberlaw@exeter.ac.uk.

Other resources

FAQ – Frequently asked questions about the project and the Toolkit.
All articles – Updated list of all substantive articles in the Toolkit. In a printed book, this would be the table of contents.
Keywords – Overview of all keywords used across the Toolkit content. Serves the same purpose as an index would in a printed book.
Examples – List of real-world incidents that have inspired the analysis in the Toolkit.
Glossary – Glossary of the technical terms used in the Toolkit.
Short form citation – Abbreviated references for the most commonly used citations in the Toolkit.
Bibliography – Bibliography of resources used in the creation and development of the Toolkit.
People – List of all people involved in the project (including scenario authors, peer reviewers, research assistants...).

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 <div id="mp-itn" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em;">[[File:EUCouncil.png|left|150px]]
 On 30 July 2020, the Council of the European Union [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/07/30/eu-imposes-the-first-ever-sanctions-against-cyber-attacks/ decided] to impose restrictive measures against six individuals and three entities considered to be responsible for or involved in various hostile cyber operations. These included the [[Attempted hack of the OPCW (2018)|attempted hack of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)]] and the [[WannaCry (2017)|WannaCry]] and [[NotPetya (2017)|NotPetya]] incidents. The sanctions imposed included a travel ban and an asset freeze. In addition, EU persons and entities were prohibited from making funds available to those listed. This was the first time the EU has imposed restrictive measures of this kind. Within the Toolkit, [[Scenario 04: A State’s failure to assist an international organization|Scenario 04]] specifically considers a hypothetical situation in which an international organization falls victim to cyber attacks, and Scenario 17 (forthcoming) discusses the legality of targeted restrictive measures of this kind from the perspective of international law.</div>
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+<div id="mp-itn" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em;">[[File:Brno_(znak).svg|left|150px]]
+On 13 March 2020, the Brno University Hospital, the second-largest hospital in the Czech Republic, at the time also providing COVID-19 testing capacities, was [[Brno University Hospital ransomware attack (2020)|targeted by ransomware]]. The hospital was forced to shut down its entire IT network and had to postpone urgent surgical interventions and reroute patients to other nearby hospitals. It took several weeks before the hospital was fully operational again. [[Scenario 14: Ransomware campaign|Scenario 14]] in the Toolkit provides the legal analysis of a typical ransomware campaign.</div>
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