War crimes: Difference between revisions
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! scope="col" style="background-color:#ffffaa;"| [[War crimes]] |
! scope="col" style="background-color:#ffffaa;"| [[War crimes]] |
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|<!--[[File:???.svg|alt=|left|frameless|200x200px]]-->Individual criminal responsibility for war crimes is stipulated in Article 8 of the Rome Statute. Article 8(1) of the Rome Statute stipulates that the International Criminal Court has jurisdiction over war crimes “in particular when committed as part of a plan or policy or as part of a large-scale commission of such crimes”. War crimes, unlike crimes against humanity, do not have to be committed as part of a widespread attack against the civilian population,<ref>[https://cilrap-lexsitus.org/clicc/7-1-a/7-1-a CLICC commentary], Art 8 (1) (noting that “it is unlikely that a single act would meet the gravity threshold in [https://cilrap-lexsitus.org/rome-statute/17 Article 17(1)(d)]” of the Rome Statute).</ref> but they have to be committed |
|<!--[[File:???.svg|alt=|left|frameless|200x200px]]-->Individual criminal responsibility for war crimes is stipulated in Article 8 of the Rome Statute. Article 8(1) of the Rome Statute stipulates that the International Criminal Court has jurisdiction over war crimes “in particular when committed as part of a plan or policy or as part of a large-scale commission of such crimes”. War crimes, unlike crimes against humanity, do not have to be committed as part of a widespread attack against the civilian population,<ref>[https://cilrap-lexsitus.org/clicc/7-1-a/7-1-a CLICC commentary], Art 8 (1) (noting that “it is unlikely that a single act would meet the gravity threshold in [https://cilrap-lexsitus.org/rome-statute/17 Article 17(1)(d)]” of the Rome Statute).</ref> but they have to be committed in the context of an armed conflict. |
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As international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflicts, serious violations of international humanitarian law committed by cyber means may qualify as war crimes.<ref>[https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316822524 Tallinn Manual 2.0], commentary to rule 84, para 2.</ref> The Tallinn Manual 2.0 explains that such war crimes under customary international law include the grave breaches in Articles 50, 51, 130, and 147 of the four Geneva Conventions respectively, Article 85 of AP I, as well as the offences stated in Article 8 of the Rome Statute regarding both international and non-international armed conflicts as war crimes under customary international law.<ref>[https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316822524 Tallinn Manual 2.0], commentary to rule 84, para 1. See also Kai Ambos, ‘International Criminal Responsibility in Cyberspace’ in Nicholas Tsagourias and Russell Buchan (eds),<i> Research Handbook on Cyberspace and International Law </i>(Elgar 2015) 118, 121.</ref> |
As international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflicts, serious violations of international humanitarian law committed by cyber means may qualify as war crimes.<ref>[https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316822524 Tallinn Manual 2.0], commentary to rule 84, para 2.</ref> The Tallinn Manual 2.0 explains that such war crimes under customary international law include the grave breaches in Articles 50, 51, 130, and 147 of the four Geneva Conventions respectively, Article 85 of AP I, as well as the offences stated in Article 8 of the Rome Statute regarding both international and non-international armed conflicts as war crimes under customary international law.<ref>[https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316822524 Tallinn Manual 2.0], commentary to rule 84, para 1. See also Kai Ambos, ‘International Criminal Responsibility in Cyberspace’ in Nicholas Tsagourias and Russell Buchan (eds),<i> Research Handbook on Cyberspace and International Law </i>(Elgar 2015) 118, 121.</ref> |
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Latest revision as of 18:21, 28 June 2024
Definition[edit | edit source]
| War crimes |
|---|
| Individual criminal responsibility for war crimes is stipulated in Article 8 of the Rome Statute. Article 8(1) of the Rome Statute stipulates that the International Criminal Court has jurisdiction over war crimes “in particular when committed as part of a plan or policy or as part of a large-scale commission of such crimes”. War crimes, unlike crimes against humanity, do not have to be committed as part of a widespread attack against the civilian population,[1] but they have to be committed in the context of an armed conflict.
As international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflicts, serious violations of international humanitarian law committed by cyber means may qualify as war crimes.[2] The Tallinn Manual 2.0 explains that such war crimes under customary international law include the grave breaches in Articles 50, 51, 130, and 147 of the four Geneva Conventions respectively, Article 85 of AP I, as well as the offences stated in Article 8 of the Rome Statute regarding both international and non-international armed conflicts as war crimes under customary international law.[3] |
Appendixes[edit | edit source]
See also[edit | edit source]
- Scenario 19: Hate speech
- Individual criminal responsibility under international law
- Crime of genocide
- Crimes against humanity
Notes and references[edit | edit source]
- ↑ CLICC commentary, Art 8 (1) (noting that “it is unlikely that a single act would meet the gravity threshold in Article 17(1)(d)” of the Rome Statute).
- ↑ Tallinn Manual 2.0, commentary to rule 84, para 2.
- ↑ Tallinn Manual 2.0, commentary to rule 84, para 1. See also Kai Ambos, ‘International Criminal Responsibility in Cyberspace’ in Nicholas Tsagourias and Russell Buchan (eds), Research Handbook on Cyberspace and International Law (Elgar 2015) 118, 121.