View source for Retorsion

== Definition ==

<section begin=Definition />
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="background-color:#ffffcc;"
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! scope="col" style="background-color:#ffffaa;"| [[Retorsion]]
|-
|[[File:Retorsion.svg|left|frameless|200x200px]]An act of [[retorsion]] is “an unfriendly but nevertheless lawful act by the aggrieved party against the wrongdoer”.<ref>E Zoller, ''Peacetime Unilateral Remedies: An Analysis of Countermeasures'' (Transnational 1984) 5.</ref> Such acts may include the prohibition of or limitations upon normal diplomatic relations, the imposition of trade embargoes or the withdrawal of voluntary aid programmes.<ref>Articles on State Responsibility, commentary to Part Three, Chapter II, para. 3.</ref> Cyber-specific retorsions may include sending warnings to cyber operatives belonging to another State, observing the adversary’s cyber activities on one’s own network using tools such as “honeypots”, or slowing down malicious cyber operations conducted by other States.<ref>Jeff Kosseff, ‘Retorsion as a Response to Ongoing Cyber Operations’ in Taťána Jančárková et al (eds), <i>20/20 Vision: The Next Decade</i> (CCD COE 2020) 17–22.</ref>

<i>Publicly available [[Retorsion#National positions|national positions that address this issue]] include:</i>
[[Image:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|30px|link=National position of Costa Rica (2023)#Retorsion|National position of Costa Rica (2023)]][[National position of Costa Rica (2023)#Retorsion| (2023)]],
[[Image:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|30px|link=National position of the Czech Republic (2024)#Retorsion|National position of the Czech Republic (2024)]][[National position of the Czech Republic (2024)#Retorsion| (2024)]], 
[[Image:Flag of Estonia.svg|30px|link=National position of Estonia (2021)#Retorsion|National position of Estonia (2021)]][[National position of Estonia (2021)#Retorsion| (2021)]], 
[[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|30px|link=National position of Germany (2021)#Retorsion|National position of Germany (2021)]][[National position of Germany (2021)#Retorsion| (2021)]], 
[[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|30px|link=National position of the Netherlands 
(2019)#Retorsion|National position of the Netherlands (2019)]][[National position of the Netherlands (2019)#Retorsion| (2019)]], 
[[Image:Flag of New Zealand.svg|40px|link=National position of New Zealand (2020)#Retorsion|National position of New Zealand (2020)]][[National position of New Zealand (2020)#Retorsion| (2020)]], 
[[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|30px|link=National position of Norway (2021)#Retorsion|National position of Norway (2021)]][[National position of Norway (2021)#Retorsion| (2021)]],
[[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|30px|link=National position of the Republic of Poland (2022)#Retorsion|National position of the Republic of Poland (2022)]] [[National position of the Republic of Poland (2022)#Retorsion| (2022)]], 
[[Image:Flag of Singapore.svg|30px|link=National position of Singapore (2021)#Retorsion|National position of Singapore (2021)]][[National position of Singapore (2021)#Retorsion| (2021)]], 
[[Image:Flag of Switzerland.svg|20px|link=National position of Switzerland (2021)#Retorsion|National position of Switzerland (2021)]][[National position of Switzerland (2021)#Retorsion| (2021)]],
[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|40px|link=National position of the United Kingdom (2022)#Retorsion|National position of the United Kingdom (2022)]][[National position of the United Kingdom (2022)#Retorsion| (2022)]], 
[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|40px|link=National position of the United States of America (2016)#Retorsion|National position of the United States of America (2016)]][[National position of the United States of America (2016)#Retorsion| (2016)]],
[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|40px|link=National position of the United States of America (2021)#Retorsion|National position of the United States of America (2021)]][[National position of the United States of America (2021)#Retorsion| (2021)]].
|}<section end=Definition />

==National positions==
===[[National position of Costa Rica (2023)|Costa Rica (2023)]]===
{{#lst:National position of Costa Rica (2023)|CR_2023 retorsion}}
===[[National position of the Czech Republic (2024)|Czech Republic (2024)]]===
{{#lst:National position of the Czech Republic (2024)|CZ_2024 retorsion}}
===[[National position of Estonia (2021)|Estonia (2021)]]===
{{#lst:National position of Estonia (2021)|EE_2021 retorsion}}
===[[National position of Germany (2021)|Germany (2021)]]===
{{#lst:National position of Germany (2021)|DE_2021 retorsion}}
===[[National position of the Netherlands (2019)|Netherlands (2019)]]===
{{#lst:National position of the Netherlands|NL_2019 retorsion}}
===[[National position of New Zealand (2020)|New Zealand (2020)]]===
{{#lst:National position of New Zealand (2020)|NZ_2020 retorsion}}
===[[National position of Norway (2021)|Norway (2021)]]===
{{#lst:National position of Norway (2021)|NO_2021 retorsion}}
===[[National position of the Republic of Poland (2022)|Poland (2022)]]===
{{#lst:National position of the Republic of Poland (2022)|PL_2022 retorsion}}
===[[National position of Singapore (2021)|Singapore (2021)]]===
{{#lst:National position of Singapore (2021)|SG_2021 retorsion}}
===[[National position of Switzerland (2021)|Switzerland (2021)]]===
{{#lst:National position of Switzerland (2021)|CH_2021 retorsion}}
===[[National position of the United Kingdom (2022)|United Kingdom (2022)]]===
{{#lst:National position of the United Kingdom (2022)|UK_2022 retorsion}}
===[[National position of the United States of America (2016)|United States (2016)]]===
{{#lst:National position of the United States of America (2016)|US_2016 retorsion}}
===[[National position of the United States of America (2021)|United States (2021)]]===
{{#lst:National position of the United States of America (2021)|US_2021 retorsion}}


== Appendixes ==

=== See also ===
* [[Countermeasures]]
* [[Scenario 14: Ransomware campaign]]
* [[Scenario 17: Collective responses to cyber operations]]

=== Notes and references ===
<references />

=== Bibliography and further reading ===
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* MN Schmitt (ed), ''Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations'' (CUP 2017)
* Etc.
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[[Category:Retorsion]]
[[Category:Legal concepts]]