List of articles

This page serves as the equivalent of a table of contents in a printed book. It contains an updated list of all substantive articles in the Toolkit.

About the project

• Main page
• FAQ
• Note on the structure of articles
• Editing rules
• Glossary
• Bibliography

Scenarios

• Scenario 01: Election interference
• Scenario 02: Political espionage
• Scenario 03: Power grid
• Scenario 04: International organizations
• Scenario 05: Criminal investigation
• Scenario 06: Enabling State
• Scenario 07: Hacking tools
• Scenario 08: Certificate authority
• Scenario 09: Economic espionage
• Scenario 10: Cyber weapons
• Scenario 11: Surveillance tools
• Scenario 12: Computer data
• Scenario 13: Armed conflict

Legal concepts

General international law

• Jurisdiction
• State responsibility
  • Attribution
    • State organs
    • Non-State actors
    • Evidence
  • Breach of an international obligation
  • Responses and justifications
    • Circumstances precluding wrongfulness
      • Consent
      • Self-defence (state responsibility)
      • Countermeasures
      • Force majeure
      • Distress
      • Necessity
    • Retorsion
• Due diligence
• Sovereignty
• Prohibition of intervention
• Cyber operations not per se regulated by international law
  • Peacetime cyber espionage

Specialised regimes of peacetime international law

• International human rights law
• Diplomatic and consular law
• Law of the sea
• Air law
• Space law
• International telecommunications law

Use of force, conflict and international law

• International law on the use of force (jus ad bellum)
  • Armed attack
  • Self-defence (''jus ad bellum'')
• International humanitarian law (jus in bello)
  • Conflict qualification
    • International armed conflict
    • Non-international armed conflict
  • Conduct of hostilities
    • Military objectives
    • Means and methods of warfare
      • Legal review of cyber weapons
  • Certain persons, objects and activities
  • Occupation
  • Neutrality
  • Criminal responsibility

Real-world examples

• Cyber attacks against Estonia (2007)
• Georgia-Russia conflict (2008)
• Stuxnet (2010)
• DigiNotar (2011)
• Shamoon (2012)
• Ukrainian parliamentary election interference (2014)
• Chinese PLA Unit 61398 indictments (2014)
• Sony Pictures Entertainment attack (2014)
• Steel mill in Germany (2014)
• The Hacking Team Hack (2015)
• Power grid cyberattack in Ukraine (2015)
• Bundestag Hack (2015)
• DNC email leak (2016)
• The Shadow Brokers publishing the NSA vulnerabilities (2016)
• French presidential election leak (2017)
• WannaCry (2017)
• NotPetya (mock ransomware) (2017)
• Operation Cloudhopper (2017)
• African Union headquarters hack (2018)
• Ethiopian surveillance of journalists abroad (2017)

Keywords

List of keywords